包阅导读总结
1. 关键词:Go、变量、常量、声明、作用域
2. 总结:本文介绍了 Go 语言中变量和常量的基本概念,包括变量的定义、创建方式、作用域、零值和命名规则,以及常量的定义、类型和不可修改性。
3. 主要内容:
– 变量
– 定义:存储位置,值可变
– 创建方式
– 显式声明:使用`var`关键字,声明类型
– 短声明:`:=`,类型自动推断
– 多变量声明:可在一行或一个块中声明多个变量
– 零值:未初始化时有默认零值
– 作用域:分全局和局部
– 命名规则:描述性、CamelCase、避免下划线等
– 常量
– 定义:编译时定义,不可修改
– 声明:使用`const`关键字
– 类型:分有类型和无类型
思维导图:
文章地址:https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/variables-and-constants-in-go/
文章来源:freecodecamp.org
作者:Temitope Oyedele
发布时间:2024/8/19 7:26
语言:英文
总字数:1771字
预计阅读时间:8分钟
评分:86分
标签:Go 编程,变量,常量,数据类型,编程基础
以下为原文内容
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Variables and constants are fundamental concepts in most programming languages. They are the building blocks for storing and managing data.
In this article, we’ll take a look at how variables and constant work in Go.
Table of contents:
What are Variables ?
A variable is a storage location identified by a name (or identifier) that holds a value. This value can change (or vary) during a program’s execution. This is why it’s called a variable.
For example:
myName := “temitope”fmt.Println(myName)myName:= ”oyedele”fmt.Println(myName)
We created a variable with an identifier of myName
which holds a string value.
If you noticed, we changed the value to another string, and we can do that multiple times because variables are allowed to do that.
Variables allow you to store data, which can be of different types, such as integers, floating-point numbers, strings, or objects.
How to Create a Variable in Go
There are two primary ways to create a variable in Go, explicit declaration and shorthand declaration.
Explicit Declaration
This is the traditional way to create a variable in Go. It works by using the var
keyword and declaring the variable’s type, making your code more readable and clear.
package mainimport "fmt"func main() { var age int = 25 var name string = "Temitope" var height float64 = 5.7 fmt.Println(age, name, height)}
You can see that, for each variable, we declared its datatype before assigning a value to it.
output:25 Temitope 5.7
The var
keyword and data type can also be used without having an initial value:
package mainimport "fmt"func main() { var age int var name string var height float64 age = 25 name = "Temitope" height = 5.7 fmt.Println(age, name, height)}
This way, the variables are declared first without an initial value. They are then assigned values later in the code. You’ll still have the same output as the first.
Shorthand Variable Declaration
The shorthand variable declaration syntax (:=
) is a more concise way to declare variables. This method allows you to declare and initialize a variable in a single line without explicitly stating its type, as the type is inferred from the value assigned.
package mainimport "fmt"func main() { age := 25 name := "Temitope" height := 5.7 fmt.Println(age, name, height)}
Here, each variable was declared alongside its value, with Go inferring the datatype. For example, age
was declared and initialized with a value of 25, and Go inferred its type as int
. name
was declared with the value “Temitope”, and Go inferred its type as string
. Lastly, height
was declared with 5.7, and Go inferred its type as float64
.
output:25 Temitope 5.7
One of the drawbacks of the shorthand variable declaration is that you can only use it inside of a function.
Multiple Variable Declarations
You can declare and initialize multiple variables on the same line by separating each variable with a comma. This approach is simple and straightforward. it is commonly used when the variables are related or when you want to initialize them together. For example:
package mainimport "fmt"func main() { var age, height int = 25, 180 var name, city string = "Temitope", "New York" fmt.Println(age, height) fmt.Println(name, city)}
Here, the variable age
and height
are both declared as integers and initialized with the values 25 and 180, respectively. Variable name
and city
are also both declared as strings and initialized with “Temitope” and “New York”:
Output:25 180Temitope New York
You can also declare multiple variables in a block like so:
package mainimport "fmt"func main() { var ( age int = 25 name string = "Temitope" height int = 180 city string = "New York" ) fmt.Println(age, name, height, city)}
Here, the variables age
, name
, height
, and city
are declared within a single var block, with each variable getting its own line.
Output:25 Temitope 180 New York
Zero Values
When variables are declared without being initialized, they are assigned zero values by default. These values differ depending on the type of variable. Below is an example of how you can declare default values:
package mainimport "fmt"func main() { var intValue int var floatValue float64 var boolValue bool var stringValue string var ptrValue *int var sliceValue []int var mapValue map[string]int fmt.Println("Zero values:") fmt.Println("int:", intValue) fmt.Println("float64:", floatValue) fmt.Println("bool:", boolValue) fmt.Println("string:", stringValue) fmt.Println("pointer:", ptrValue) fmt.Println("slice:", sliceValue) fmt.Println("map:", mapValue)}
In the code above, here’s what’s going to happen:
-
The integer
intValue
will be given the zero value 0. -
The floating-point number
floatValue
will be given the zero value 0. -
The Boolean
boolValue
will be given the zero valuefalse
. -
The string
stringValue
will be given the zero value “” (empty string). -
The pointer
ptrValue
, slicesliceValue
, and mapmapValue
will all be given the zero valuenil
.
Output:
Output:Zero values:int: 0float64: 0bool: falsestring: pointer: <nil>slice: []map: map[]
What is a Variable Scope?
Variables can be declared either globally or locally. The scope of a variable determines where it can be accessed and modified within your code.
Global variables are declared outside of any function, typically at the top of a file, and they can be accessed by any function within the same package. Here’s an example:
package mainimport "fmt"var globalCounter int = 0func incrementCounter() { globalCounter++}func main() { fmt.Println("Initial Counter:", globalCounter) incrementCounter() fmt.Println("After Increment:", globalCounter)}
In the above example, globalCounter
is the global variable, and it is accessible by both the incrementCounter
function and the main
function.
Also, the value of globalCounter
persists across function calls. This means that whatever change is made to it in one function affects its value in other parts of the program.
Local variables, on the other hand, are declared within a function or a block and are only accessible within that specific function or block. They are created when the function or block is executed and destroyed once it is completed. For example:
package mainimport "fmt"func incrementCounter() { localCounter := 0 localCounter++ fmt.Println("Local Counter:", localCounter)}func main() { incrementCounter() incrementCounter()}
In the code above, we have the localCounter
as the local variable inside the incrementCounter
function. Each time incrementCounter
is called, a new localCounter
is created, initialized to 0, and incremented.
The value of localCounter
does not persist between function calls, so it cannot affect any part of a program when a change is made to the function.
Naming Conventions in Go
Proper naming of variables is crucial for writing clean, readable, and maintainable code. Go has some specific conventions and rules for naming variables. Below are some of them:
-
Use descriptive names: Use names that clearly describe the purpose or content of the variable. For example, instead of using vague names like x or y, use names like
age
,totalPrice
, oruserName
that clearly convey what the variable represents. -
Use CamelCase for Multi-Word Names: In Go, it’s common practice to use camelCase for variable names that consist of multiple words. The first word is lowercase, and the first letter of each subsequent word is capitalized.
-
Avoid Using Underscores: Unlike some other languages, Go prefers camelCase over using underscores to separate words in variable names. Stick to camelCase to adhere to Go’s idiomatic style.
-
Use Short Names for Short-Lived Variables: For short-lived variables, such as loop counters or indices, it’s acceptable to use short names like i, j, or k.
What are Constants in Go?
Constants are immutable values defined at compile time that cannot be modified throughout the program’s execution. They are useful for defining values that are known ahead of time and will remain the same.
Imagine you’re building an online store where the standard shipping fee is always $10. You can declare it as a constant, so you can use it throughout your program whenever shipping charges need to be applied. If the shipping rates change, you only need to update the value in one place.
How to Declare Constants in Go
You can declare constants using the const
keyword, followed by the name, the type (optional if the value implies the type), and the value of the constant. Here’s how:
package mainimport "fmt"func main() { const pi float64 = 3.14159 const greeting string = "Hello, World!" fmt.Println("Pi:", pi) fmt.Println("Greeting:", greeting)}
If you try to change a constant after being declared, then you’ll get a compile-time error.
Types of Constants in Go
Constants can be categorized as either typed or untyped. Both types of constants serve the same purpose. They provide fixed, immutable values throughout the program. However, they differ in how Go handles their types and how flexible they are when used.
Untyped constants are not assigned a type unless they are used in a context that requires a type. When you declare an untyped constant, Go will infer the type at the point where the constant is used. This makes untyped constants more flexible because they can be used in a number of settings without requiring type conversion.
package mainimport "fmt"const gravity = 9.81func main() { var height int = 10 var acceleration float64 = gravity * float64(height) fmt.Println("Acceleration:", acceleration)}
Here, gravity
is the untyped constant. This means Go can infer its type based on how it is used. When gravity
is used in a calculation with a float64
, Go will automatically treat it as a float64
.
Unlike untyped constants, the typed constants have an explicitly declared type. This means they can only be used in contexts that match that type or can be converted to a compatible type. Typed constants are stricter, ensuring that the value is always treated as the specific type it was declared with.
package mainimport "fmt"const speedOfLight int = 299792458func main() { var distance int = speedOfLight * 2 fmt.Println("Distance:", distance)}
Here, speedOfLight
is the typed constant with the type int
.
It can only be used in operations with other int
values or converted explicitly to a different type.
That’s a Wrap
In this article, we took a look at what variables and constants are and how to declare them in Go.
Variables and constants are critical tools in programming. They allow developers to efficiently manage and manipulate data. When you understand how to use them, you can improve the quality of your code.
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